berberine and acetyl l carnitine Complex berberine with l carnitine Berberine

This is complicated because as a polar, charged tripeptide, transport of GSH is significantly inhibited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), thus limiting effective delivery to brain-resident immune cells such as microglia which are central drivers of neuroinflammatory pathology (Valdovinos-Flores and Gonsebatt, 2012

Special thanks to Beth Mahler and Emily Singletary for photography support

XYL, GXW, YY, HX, KO, XS, SZ, RG, and CRK provided resources

Competing interests Adnan Hodi is a Subject Editor of the journal Parasites & Vectors (Parasites of veterinary importance section), but the peer review process and final decision for publication were handled independently by Editor-in-Chief