effect of l-carnitine on gut bacteria γ-Butyrobetaine Is a Proatherogenic Intermediate in Microbial Metabolism to TMAO: Cell Metabolism Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine,
Description
Normalnya tubuh manusia mampu mensintesis L-karnitin sekitar 0.16 0.48 mg/ kg berat badan per hari
Zero sugar, zero fat, stimulant-free
Severe Kidney Disease: Carnitine is processed by the kidneys, and in individuals with severe kidney disease, it can accumulate in the body, potentially leading to toxicity
In fact, many studies demonstrated that TMAO-induced NF-B activation is a significant downstream process that upregulates monocyte adhesion through upregulation of cellular adhesion molecules such as VCAM-1, but also intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin, and enhances endothelial dysfunction [14,15]
