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[205] [198] [76] Phosphorylation of DAT by either kinase induces transporter internalization (non-competitive reuptake inhibition), but PKC-mediated phosphorylation alone induces the reversal of dopamine transport through DAT (i.e., dopamine efflux)

Most of these benefits come from the antioxidant properties of L-carnitine

A more in-depth analysis of the effect of oxygen levels permitted conditions to be optimized [63, 64] and showed that -butyrobetaine production was dramatically decreased when the biotransformation was performed under aerobic conditions as a consequence of the inhibition of crotonobetaine reductase by oxygen [14, 16, 63, 65]

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