benign oral melanotic macules Labial macule. B). Increased numbers of me-lanocytes along Melanotic macule. Benign. Dark spot

The brain is constituted by a preponderance of microglia and astrocytes, these glial cells are essential in the Central Nervous System (CNS), with microglia functioning as innate immune cells involved in surveillance and defense, while astrocytes modulate neuronal communication, maintain the extracellular environment, and regulate inflammatory signaling (Garland et al., 2022) Both brain cells are able to produce pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (Schwarz and Bilbo, 2012)

Tsiknia AA, Edland SD, Sundermann EE, Reas ET, Brewer JB, Galasko D, Banks SJ

Acetyl-L-carnitine, for instance, crosses the blood-brain barrier more readily and has been studied for neurological applications

Necroptosis In contrast to conventional necrosis, which represents unprogrammed cell death induced by cellular damage, necroptosis is an apoptosis-independent programmed form of necrosis or inflammatory cell death [205, 206]