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Those with diseases that affect the gut, such as Crohns disease or celiac disease, are also at risk ( Summary Those at greatest risk of vitamin B12 deficiency are vegans and vegetarians, who get little to no B12 from the diet

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Evolution and phylogenetic distribution of SLC22A4 Phylogenetic analyses (201,202) indicate that homologues of SLC22A4, a relative of the major facilitator superfamily 2, exist only in vertebrate animals, especially mammals, birds and fish, with occasional examples in reptiles (for example, Xenopus spp.)

Elimination About 3-8 mcg of B12 is secreted into the GI tract daily via the bile and undergoes some enterohepatic recycling